Tag Archive for 'Methods'

How to Become a Professional Private Investigator I

Lately, I have noticed that I have become a mentor to several young Private Investigators. The hardest part of this role is conveying that being a good Investigator entails more than secret sources and interrogation techniques.

Where do Private Investigators Come From?

Many people become Private Investigators without a college education, experience, or a clear plan for their new career.  They don’t get any meaningful training from their employers. Often, the employer just wants a warm body to do the work and views them as disposable if they don’t measure-up to some arbitrary standard.

At best, the Private Investigator took a Law Enforcement Administration course or Investigation course at a Canadian community college. These new Investigators usually have unrealistic expectations of remuneration and working conditions. At worst, the new Investigator couldn’t cut it as a pizza delivery driver.

The problem most entry level Investigators face is gaining an understanding of the skills and knowledge that they must progressively acquire to have a profitable career. Few employers or colleges provide this information to illustrate what a progressive career would look like. Fewer still, provide training and career guidance.

I recently spoke to a college instructor of investigation related courses who dismissed this lack of career guidance, saying that it was the employee’s own fault for not understanding the industry and that the employer just had to take what was on offer in the labour market for Investigators. Of course, he had never been a Private Investigator or agency owner. Nevertheless, the callousness and sheer stupidity of his remarks forced me to revisit the topic of training the new Private Investigator.

Now that I have climbed onto this soapbox, a series of articles on this topic will follow.  The next article will outline what the community college programs don’t teach. Then I will move on to how to learn to be a Professional Private Investigator in Canada.

Avoid the Telemarketer’s Voice

An excellent little article about telephone interviewing suitable for any Investigator.

May favorite quote from the article:

Once people catch on that you are calling from a list of questions you fall into the only group of workers beneath used car salesmen and lawyers - the telemarketers.

An Intellegence Revolution

I ‘m sometimes referred to dismissively as the Investigator who searches databases, or the guy who gets other people to do research and just manages the report writing (they can’t grasp the concept of a Project Manager). These people dinosaurs just don’t understand that the conduct of knowledge work has changed and that it will continue to change. Industrial technology brought about the Industrial Revolution, now information  technology is bringing about an Intelligence Revolution.

For example, the  news media acknowledged that Wikipedia was the clearing house for information about the Virginia Tech shooting. Over 8000 amendments to the Wikipedia article were posted in 2 weeks. A former director of the National Security Agency told  congress  in 2002, “Al-Qaida did not need to develop a telecommunication system. All it had to do was harvest the products of a three trillion dollar a year telecommunications industry; an industry that had made communications signals varied, global, instantaneous, complex, and encrypted.”

Open sources, open systems, and advanced telecommunications technology are changing how any form of intelligence collection and reporting is done. These developments have also changed how we have to look at the Intelligence Cycle. The decision-makers and intelligence professionals must now come together within the same space and time to focus on the target in a collaborative model using easily configurable open systems. ( An open system, in management science, is a system that is capable of self-maintenance on the basis of throughput of resources from the environment and usually operated on  a computer system that provides a  combination of interoperability, portability, and open software standards.)  In effect, contributors, analysts, and end-users must employ every tool available simultaneously. There is no time for the traditional Intelligence Cycle to function. Clark’s Intelligence Analysis: A Target-centric Approach and  the “fusion cells” in Iraq may offer models for this more focused, collaborative, and time-compressed intelligence process.

This presents management difficulties associated with the resistance to change, training, organisational structure, the introduction of new technology, and outsourcing. Contractors will collect and fact-check data before entering it into an open system for further processing. Portions of intelligence projects will be managed by outside contractors who compile data from many sources and then feed the results into the open system. Contractors will create chronologies, social network maps, link diagrams, and databases, all of which will be available through an open system. Everybody involved with collection will have some contact with the end user or project manager.

These changes are starting to happen in the public sector. If you do competitive intelligence or complex investigations in the private sector, then you need to start changing your work processes or be left behind by your competitors.  Adapt, or become a fossil.

FireFox Addon - CustomizeGoogle

CustomizeGoogle

This is a must-have add-on. It customizes Google in just about any way you could imagine and it will block Google’s ads as well as Google analytic cookies that invade your privacy. And most importantly for the Investigator, it anonymizes your Google user ID.

It adds links in your Google search results to other search engines, such as Yahoo and Ask.com, among others. It filters out search results from known spammers, and it will also let you customize features such as Gmail and Google News. If you want to customize the way Google works, make sure to download this one.

My favorite feature is the ability to set my Google preferences so they don’t disappear when I clear out the cookies.

Download CustomizeGoogle

Finding Bank Accounts and Storage Lockers

First, make a list of all addresses linked to the subject, including the Canadian postal code. Then search in Google for bank or storage plus the postal code. Do not include a hyphen or put the postal code in quotations. Search each postal code in order. Now you have a list of banks where the subject may have an account and a list of sites where he may have a storage locker.

Surfing Is Not Searching

Google and Yahoo! have fostered the belief that if you can type, then you are a researcher. In my experience, the DIY researcher’s greatest failings occur in the following areas:

  • poor source selection
  • not understanding that a hierarchy of authorities may exist for the research topic
  • not understanding the relationship between time, money, and value
  • not understanding how error and bias may appear in search results; and finally, terminology.

Most DIY searchers do not prepare for the search by collecting the synonyms and antonyms, thesauri, dictionaries, and the British and American spelling differences. They don’t take time to consider appropriate terms and phrases then make a list to work through.

Intelligence Analysis

If you have to complete any kind of intelligence analysis, then these titles are necessary reading.

A re-print of Heur’s classic, Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. This is about the dangers of cognitive biases and how to avoid them. It also contains the best explanation of Analysis of Competing Hypotheses that I have ever read.

Clark’s Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach. This is about target modeling, organizational analysis, as well as quantitative and predictive techniques.

Lowenthal’s Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy(3rd Edition). The third edition of Intelligence represents a major revision. I think the best features of the third edition are a more integrated, and comparative analysis of the of intelligence services in Britain, China, France, Israel, and Russia, and for just for me, the author included a new list of acronyms.

Indexing a Moleskine

I use a lot of the large squared Moleskine notebooks. Sometimes I need to mark sections of the book for easy reference. Those little half grid-squares at the outside edge of the page are ready made for the purpose.

I use my razor sharp pocket knife and cut a few of the partial grid-squares away on the edge of 4 or 5 pages to mark the start of a section. I usually make this inverted tab about 4 or 5 grid-squares long and use a Pilot Hi-Tec-C to label it. If I don’t need to label the inverted tab, then I just use a single hole punch to make the inverted tab.

For less permanent markers I use book darts.

Uncovering a Person’s Corporate Affiliations

In Canada, only one incorporating jurisdiction allows a search by officer or director name. Uncovering a person’s corporate affiliations in Canada is difficult.

The Investigator must embark upon an involved search strategy using a variety of database aggregators, the Internet, and a few public record sources. After conducting all these searches, the Investigator will never be certain that he has found everything.

Doing this type of research is dependent upon the Investigator’s understanding of the sources’ content and how to connect the data to the objectives of the investigation.

The Investigator must know how to search directory databases, commercial credit reports, news and journal databases, insider filings, statistical data, court records, lien filings, and much more to reveal corporate affiliations in Canada.

Searching Telephone Numbers in Google and Dun & Bradstreet

After doing address searches, search for references to the person’s or company’s telephone and fax numbers.

In D&B, you may find a person used his personal telephone or fax number for a small business.

In Google, leave out parenthesis and other separators. The number should appear as 123 456 7890. Google will then return anything that appears where the space was located. If you include separators they will be ignored and anything that appears in their place will not be returned in the results. Do the search without quotation marks first, then do it as a phrase search with quotation marks.

You should search for references to fax numbers in the same manner. If you find several companies or people using the same fax number, then you have some type of relationship. In my experience, many frauds begin with a front company or phony business that uses the same fax number as several such businesses.

People, Places, & Things are Related

Searching for data on a person certainly involves searching by name, but limiting your searches to only name references is shortsighted.

If you know the person’s home address, then search for references to that, you may find a business, association, or other organisation at his home. You may find that his home address is associated with another person.

You should search his business address the same way, but add an address search in Dun & Bradstreet and other credit reporting databases. Lien filings, corporate filings, and other public filings should be searched by name and address as permitted by the relevant jurisdictions.

Associations and affiliations tell you a great deal about a person — remember what your mother told you about the company you keep…

On-line Fences

The US Government Accountability Office says that stolen sensitive military items have been purchased by undercover government officials on Craigslist and eBay. However, this is like the kettle calling the pot black. The same subcommittee determined that the Defense Department sold chemical protective suits and biological warfare laboratory equipment to the public.

While it is easy to see an element of fear mongering in this, it does remind us that private sector businesses should be checking eBay and Craigslist for their own product and counterfeits. Doing so may reveal a problem with theft, grey marketing, or counterfeiting.

Searching for Hidden Files

Searching for a File Type

Make use of the file format search available in Google, Yahoo, Live and Exalead. The following tells you how to search for specific file formats, such as PowerPoint (ppt) presentations; Adobe PDF for government and private industry documents; xls for Excel spreadsheets containing lists, statistical, and accounting data; and rss or xml to locate RSS feeds. Continue reading ‘Searching for Hidden Files’

Stealth Searching II

The Google “site:” Operator

The Google “site:” operator is one of the most powerful search tools available from Google for target reconnaissance.

Target Reconnaissance

Once normal search methods locate sites that have useful data and you have explored those links using the cache operator, its time to do some serious anonymous target reconnaissance.

Using the “site:” Operator

This operator allows you to map an entire domain. Use the operator to get a listing of every indexed page on a domain. Try this: site:microsoft.com.

The operator will accept additional arguments. For instance, site:gov secret will search all domains ending in .gov for the word secret. Try it.

Notice that the search results include links to the cached pages for the domain. In conjunction with the site operator, you will use additional arguments targeting your subject. Your anonymous target reconnaissance will be conducted by viewing the cached pages. You will not click on any links on the cached pages as these will go to live pages. You will not allow your browser to download any images on the cached pages, as they may be live images from the target domain. You will be STEALTHY. They won’t see you coming.

Clustering Search Engines

As an Investigator, one of the greatest problems is properly identifying the subject of your inquiries. You have to deal with misspelled names, incorrect dates of birth, generational designators, and many other obstacles to identifying the subject in your search results.

Face-filters help when you are looking for images and video. But how do you find your person in the thousands of search results that appear when you search by his name alone? Continue reading ‘Clustering Search Engines’