In 300 B.C. Chinese princes were told that to rule they must turn the empire into their eyes and ears. “Though he may live in the deepest retreat of his palace, at the end of tortuous corridors, nothing escapes him, nothing is hidden from him, nothing can escape his vigilant watch.” (Levi, Le grand empereur, pp.187).
Such a system relies not only on the honour of the eyes and ears, but also his subordinates whose capacity for deception and treachery is unbounded.
The weakness of any such intelligence system is the quality of the human resources employed. The problem still exists today, even with technical collection, due to the hypocritical analysts and scheming bureaucrats between the data and the decision-maker.