The top performers are rarely more gifted than the also-rans, but they almost invariably outwork them. Scholars of elite performance speak of a 10-year rule: you have to put in a decade of focused work to master something to bring expert status within reach.
The expert Investigator develops two important cognitive skills. The first is the ability to group details and concepts into easily remembered patterns. Second, the expert also learns to quickly identify which bits of information in a changing situation to store in working memory so that he can use them later. This facilitates a continually updated mental model far more complex than that used by someone less practised, allowing him to see subtler dynamics and deeper relationships.
Finally, most experts have at least one crucial mentor.
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